The Literal Commandment
Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath of the LORD your God; in it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter, your male or your female servant or your cattle or your sojourner who stays with you. For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and made it holy. (Exodus 20:9-11)
The literal commandment is that we should not do any work on the seventh day of the week.
Messiah Says
Messiah implicitly affirmed this commandment when He spoke about the Law:
"Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill. For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished. Whoever then annuls one of the least of these commandments, and teaches others to do the same, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever keeps and teaches them, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:17-19)
Pictures of Messiah
Messiah declares that He is Lord of the Sabbath (Matthew 12:8, Mark 2:28). He also states that Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath. (Mark 2:27) In making these declarations He does not abolish the seventh day Sabbath. Instead, He is affirming the gift and blessing that that Sabbath is.
The Sabbath (and the blessing it provides) gives us a picture of the rest we have in Messiah. The Sabbath is to be a day of rest... "a rest of love and magnanimity, a rest of truth and faith, a rest of peace and serenity and tranquility and security, a perfect rest" in which G-d finds favor.1 On every seventh day G-d has given us a unique gift of rest for our souls. This rest pictures the time to come when Messiah will reign and we will completely find rest for our souls.
How Messiah Fulfilled
We know that Messiah was without sin (Hebrews 4:15) so we know that He fulfilled this commandment. He often taught in synagogues (Mark 1:21, 6:2, Luke 4:16, etc) and went for walks with His disciples (Matthew 12:2, Mark 2:23, 6:1) on the Sabbath.
Traditional Observance
This commandment is traditionally observed with very explicit and numerous conditions and requirements. Aish.com provides a beginners guide briefly outlining nine specific prohibitions for the Sabbath. Judaism recognizes 39 forms of "work" [Hebrew: melachah] that are prohibited on the Sabbath. This comes from the commandment "you shall do no work [melachah] on the Sabbath". It has been estimated that there are over 1,000 prohibitions that have been identified from these 39 forms of work including prohibitions against tearing toilet paper, turning on lights, using a telephone, driving, or cooking.
A helpful introduction to these forms of "prohibited labor" is found in this article from Torah Tots.
Other Notes
We are able to fulfill this commandment today and should not do any work on the seventh day Sabbath. Please note that this does not mean that non-Jews are required to observe the traditional Jewish stringencies regarding the Sabbath day.
It should be noted that, in our Western-cultured, Sunday-focused world, ceasing from work on the Sabbath can potentially be extremely difficult for those who seek to honor G-d in this way.
Sabbath is a day of great joy and rest from our daily lives. It also carries with it the penalty of death for its violation. (Exodus 31:14-15, 35:2)
More information about the Sabbath can found in these articles:
What Scripture Says About the Sabbath- An Exhaustive Examination
The Sabbath- Examination Summary
The Sabbath- Questions and Answers
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